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Isolobal principle
The isolobal principle (more formally known as the isolobal analogy) is a strategy used in organometallic chemistry to relate the structure of organic and inorganic molecular fragments in order to predict bonding properties of organometallic compounds. Roald Hoffmann described molecular fragments as isolobal "if the number, symmetry properties, approximate energy and shape of the frontier orbitals and the number of electrons in them are similar – not identical, but similar."〔In reference 10 of his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, Hoffmann states that the term "isolobal" was introduced in reference 1e, "Elian, M., Chen, M. M.-L., Mingos, D. M. P. and Hoffmann, R., Inorg. Chem., 15, 1148 (1976)", but that the ''concept is older''.〕 One can predict the bonding and reactivity of a lesser-known species from that of a better-known species if the two molecular fragments have similar frontier orbitals, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Isolobal compounds are analogues to isoelectronic compounds that share the same number of valence electrons and structure. A graphic representation of isolobal structures, with the isolobal pairs connected through a double-headed arrow with half an orbital below, is found in Figure 1.
For his work on the isolobal analogy, Hoffmann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1981, which he shared with Kenichi Fukui.〔(【引用サイトリンク】The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981: Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann )〕 In his Nobel Prize lecture, Hoffmann stressed that the isolobal analogy is a useful, yet simple, model and thus is bound to fail in certain instances.〔
==Construction of isolobal fragments==
To begin to generate an isolobal fragment, the molecule needs to follow certain criteria. Molecules based around main group elements should satisfy the octet rule when all bonding and nonbonding molecular orbitals (MOs) are filled and all antibonding MOs are empty. For example methane is a simple molecule from which to form a main group fragment. The removal of a hydrogen atom from methane generates a methyl radical. The molecule retains its molecular geometry as the frontier orbital points in the direction of the missing hydrogen atom. Further removal of hydrogen results in the formation of a second frontier orbital. This process can be repeated until only one bond remains to the molecule's central atom. Figure 2 demonstrates this example of step-by-step generation of isolobal fragments.
The isolobal fragments of octahedral complexes, such as ML6, can be created in a similar fashion. Transition metal complexes should initially satisfy the eighteen electron rule, have no net charge, and their ligands should be two electron donors (Lewis bases). Consequently, the metal center for the ML6 starting point must be ''d''6. Removal of a ligand is analogous to the removal of hydrogen of methane in the previous example resulting in a frontier orbital, which points toward the removed ligand. Cleaving the bond between the metal center and one ligand results in a ML5− radical complex. In order to satisfy the zero charge criteria the metal center must be changed. For example, a MoL6 complex is ''d''6 and neutral. However, removing a ligand to form the first frontier orbital would result in a MoL5− complex because Mo has obtained an additional electron making it ''d''7. To remedy this, Mo can be exchanged for Mn, which would from a neutral ''d''7 complex in this case, as shown in Figure 3. This trend can continue until only one ligand is left coordinated to the metal center.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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